On the backdrop of disintegration of soviet Union and end of cold war bipolarity, the idea of self determination, freedom got importance. People having different identities in terms of languages, cultures, races or ethnic identities wanted independence on the basis of ethnic domination or identities. Simply, they wanted to form their nation on the basis of theirs identities. In terms of political ideology, it is known as ethnic nationalism. So, understanding ethnic nationalism is essential as it impacted larger portion of world.
The Rise of Ethnic Nationalism
Ethnic nationalism is a political ideology that asserts the primacy of a particular ethnic group within a nation-state. It emphasizes the shared history, culture, language, and traditions of the group, often leading to a sense of collective identity and a desire for self-determination. In East Europe, ethnic nationalism gained momentum as a response to various historical factors, including foreign domination, territorial disputes, and socio-economic disparities.
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the region experienced the decline and dissolution of several multi-ethnic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Russian Empire. These empires encompassed diverse ethnic groups, often leading to tensions and conflicts. As the empires weakened, ethnic nationalism emerged as a powerful force, advocating for the rights and independence of specific ethnic groups.
The Role of Ethnic Nationalism in East European Revolutions
The revolutions in East Europe during the 20th century were characterized by a strong sense of ethnic identity and the desire for self-rule. Ethnic nationalism played a crucial role in mobilizing the masses, galvanizing support, and ultimately shaping the outcomes of these revolutions.
One prominent example is the fall of communism in Eastern Europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s. In countries like Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, ethnic nationalism served as a unifying force against the repressive communist regimes. The rallying cry for national identity and independence resonated deeply with the people, leading to mass protests, strikes, and ultimately the overthrow of authoritarian governments.
In the aftermath of these revolutions, the desire for self-determination and the reestablishment of independent nation-states became a driving force. Ethnic nationalism played a key role in the negotiations and political processes that led to the formation of new states, such as the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and the Baltic states.
The Emergence of New States
The East European revolutions fueled by ethnic nationalism resulted in the emergence of new states, reshaping the political map of the region. These newly formed nations sought to establish governments that reflected the aspirations and interests of their respective ethnic groups.
For example, the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s was a direct consequence of ethnic nationalism. The different ethnic groups within Yugoslavia, such as the Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks, each sought to establish their own independent states based on their ethnic identities. However, this process was marred by violent conflicts and ethnic cleansing, underscoring the complex and often divisive nature of ethnic nationalism.
Similarly, the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of independent states in Eastern Europe, such as Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic states. Ethnic nationalism played a significant role in the aspirations for independence and the subsequent establishment of these new states.
Impacts of Ethnic Nationalism
Rationale behind the understanding ethnic nationalism is that it deeply impacted world order since mid Nineteenth century. Hereon, I’m going to explain the impacts and examples in details.
Ethnic nationalism has had both positive and negative impacts throughout history. On one hand, it has been a driving force behind the formation of independent nations and the preservation of cultural heritage. It has provided a sense of belonging and identity for marginalized groups, empowering them to fight for their rights and challenge oppressive regimes.
However, ethnic nationalism has also been associated with conflicts and tensions, particularly when it intersects with other forms of nationalism or when it excludes or discriminates against minority groups. The pursuit of ethnic homogeneity can lead to exclusionary policies, discrimination, and even violence against those who do not fit the prescribed ethnic identity. The impacts of ethnic nationalism can be seen in historical events such as the Holocaust, the Rwandan genocide, and the breakup of Yugoslavia.
Examples of Ethnic Nationalism
Ethnic nationalism has manifested in various forms and regions throughout history. Here are a few notable examples:
Scottish Nationalism:
First, Scottish nationalism advocates for Scotland’s political and cultural independence from the United Kingdom. It emphasizes the unique Scottish identity, history, and language.
Tamil Nationalism:
Second, Tamil nationalism in Sri Lanka seeks to protect the rights and interests of the Tamil ethnic minority. It has been a significant factor in the country’s long-standing ethnic conflict.
Afrikaner Nationalism:
Third, Afrikaner nationalism emerged in South Africa during the 20th century, promoting the interests and cultural identity of the Afrikaner people. It played a pivotal role in the implementation of apartheid policies.
Basque Nationalism:
Fourth, Basque nationalism advocates for the recognition and autonomy of the Basque Country, a region spanning parts of Spain and France. It emphasizes the distinct Basque language and cultural heritage.
Rohingya Nationalism:
Fifth, Rohingya nationalism represents the aspirations of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar. It seeks recognition, equal rights, and an end to persecution and discrimination.
These examples demonstrate the diverse contexts in which ethnic nationalism has emerged and the different aspirations and struggles associated with it.
Last words on understanding ethnic nationalism,
At last, Ethnic nationalism has been a driving force behind the East European revolutions and the emergence of new states. It has provided a sense of identity, unity, and purpose for various ethnic groups, galvanizing them to fight for self-determination and independence. However, it is important to recognize the complexities and potential pitfalls associated with ethnic nationalism, as it can also lead to conflicts and divisions. The history of East Europe serves as a reminder of the power and influence of ethnic nationalism in shaping the political landscape. The Relationship Between Romanticism and the enlightenment/The Colonization of Asia by European Imperial Powers
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